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German · Vocabulary · A2 to C1

German word formation: compound nouns, -ung, -heit and un-

Build a compound · tap a long word to split it
HandhandSchuhshoe
=der Handschuh“glove”A “hand shoe”. der from der Schuh.

Short answer: German joins words into compound nouns, written as one word: Haus + Tür = die Haustür (front door). The last part decides the meaning and the gender; the earlier parts describe it. Suffixes turn verbs and adjectives into nouns with a fixed gender: -ung, -heit and -keit are always feminine (die Wohnung, die Freiheit); -chen is always neuter. Un- makes an opposite (unmöglich), and verb prefixes like ver- or be- shift meaning.

The last word wins

Die Haustür or das Türhaus?

das Haus + die Tür = die Haustür die Tür + das Schloss = das Türschloss front door: a kind of doordoor lock: a kind of lock
Read compounds from right to left: the final part is the thing, the others say what kind. Only the first letter is capitalised.
no link
das Kinderbuchthe children’s-book
das KIN-der-bookh · “the children’s book”Why: Kinder (plural) + Buch. Many compounds just join.
-s- link
die Arbeitszeitthe work-time
dee AR-baits-tsait · “working hours”Why: Words in -ung, -heit, -keit and -ion, and some others, add -s-.
-n- / -en- link
die Straßenbahnthe street-railway
dee SHTRAA-sen-baan · “the tram”Why: Feminine nouns in -e often add -n: Straße + n + Bahn.
Suffixes with a fixed gender

-ung, -heit, -keit, -chen

SuffixGenderFrom → toEnglish
-ungdiewohnen → die Wohnungflat, apartment
-heitdiefrei → die Freiheitfreedom
-keitdiemöglich → die Möglichkeitpossibility
-schaftdieFreund → die Freundschaftfriendship
-chendasHaus → das Häuschenlittle house
-mentdasArgument → das Argumentargument
-erderlehren → der Lehrerteacher
-ismusderTourist → der Tourismustourism
-lichadjectiveFreund → freundlichfriendly
Prefixes that change meaning

Un-, ver-, be-, ent-

These verb prefixes are inseparable: unlike an- or auf-, they never split off and move to the end of the sentence.

un-not, oppositemöglich → unmöglich · klar → unklar
Dasthatistisunmöglich.impossible
das ist UN-mök-likh · “That’s impossible.”Why: un- is stressed: UN-möglich.
ver-wrong, or a changeschlafen → verschlafen · laufen → sich verlaufen
IchIhabehaveverschlafen.overslept
ikh HAA-be fer-SHLAA-fen · “I overslept.”Why: ver- often means doing something wrongly. No ge- in the participle: verschlafen.
be-makes a verb take a direct objectantworten auf → beantworten
IchIbeantworteanswerdie Frage.the question
ikh be-ANT-vor-te dee FRAA-ge · “I answer the question.”Why: antworten needs auf; beantworten takes the question directly.
ent-away, out ofdecken → entdecken · kommen → entkommen
KolumbusColumbusentdecktediscoveredAmerika.America
ko-LUM-bus ent-DEK-te a-MAY-ri-ka · “Columbus discovered America.”Why: ent + decken (to cover) = to uncover, discover.
Making adjectives

-bar, -los, -voll, -reich

Turning nouns and adjectives into verbs

Frühstück → frühstücken

Noun → verb
Wirwefrühstückenbreakfastum acht.at eight
veer FRÜ-shtü-ken um AKHT · “We have breakfast at eight.”Why: das Frühstück + -en.
Adjective → verb
Kannstcanduyoudasthatkürzen?shorten
KANST doo das KÜR-tsen · “Can you shorten that?”Why: kurz → kürzen, with umlaut.
ver- + adjective
Dasthatverbessertimprovesalles.everything
das fer-BE-sert A-les · “That improves everything.”Why: besser → verbessern.
English loan
IchIgooglegoogledas.that
ikh GOO-gle das · “I’ll google it.”Why: New verbs take -en and regular endings: googeln.
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