German pronouns: ich, mich, mir, and the three words for you
Personal pronouns in three cases · pick a case
Nominative: the person doing the action.
IchIkommecomemorgen.tomorrow
ikh KO-me MOR-gen · “I’m coming tomorrow.”Why:ich is the subject: nominative.
Short answer: German personal pronouns change with the case (the job the word does in the sentence). The subject is nominative (ich, I), the direct object accusative (mich, me), and the indirect object or the word after mit, von, zudative (mir, to me). “You” has three forms: du (one friend), ihr (several friends) and Sie (polite, one or many, always with a capital S). Er, sie and es follow the noun’s grammatical gender: a table, der Tisch, is er.
Three ways to say you
Du, ihr, Sie
Sie covers one or many and takes the same verb form as “they”: Sie kommen. Only the capital letter separates polite Sie from sie (they).
It is er, sie or es
Der Tisch? Er ist neu.
der → er
Der Tisch?the tableErheistisneu.new
dair TISH? air ist NOY · “The table? It’s new.”Why:der Tisch is masculine, so “it” is er.
die → sie
Die Lampe?the lampSiesheistiskaputt.broken
dee LAM-pe? zee ist ka-PUT · “The lamp? It’s broken.”Why:die Lampe is feminine: sie.
das → es
Das Buch?the bookEsitistisgut.good
das BOOKH? es ist GOOT · “The book? It’s good.”Why:das Buch is neuter: es.
Pronouns after prepositions
Mit mir, für dich
Each preposition decides the case. Mit, von, zu, bei, nach take the dative; für, ohne, gegen, durch take the accusative.
German
Case
English
mit mir
dative
with me
von dir
dative
from you
zu ihm
dative
to him
für dich
accusative
for you
ohne mich
accusative
without me
gegen uns
accusative
against us
Man: one, people, you
Man sagt, dass …
Man is the general “you” or “people”. It always takes the er/sie/es verb form and never changes to “he”: the object form is einen, the dative einem.
General truth
Manonelerntlearnsnie aus.never out
man LERNT NEE AUS · “You live and learn.”Why:A German proverb: “one never finishes learning”.
Rules
Hierheredarfmaymanonenicht rauchen.not smoke
HEER DARF man nikht RAU-khen · “You can’t smoke here.”Why:Signs and rules use man.
Instead of passive
ManonesprichtspeaksDeutsch.German
man SHPRIKHT DOITSH · “German is spoken.”Why:man often replaces a passive.
Object form
Dasthatmachtmakeseinenonemüde.tired
das MAKHT AI-nen MÜ-de · “It makes you tired.”Why:man has no accusative of its own: einen.
Mine, yours, his
Das ist meiner
Without a noun, the possessive takes the ending of the article it replaces: der Stift → meiner, die Tasche → meine, das Buch → meins.