Grammatical Cases: How Russian, Latin, German, and Arabic Mark Noun Roles
Compare grammatical case systems: Russian 6 cases, German 4, Latin 6, Arabic 3, Finnish 15. Full function tables, declension examples, and Japanese particle equivalents.
April 2026
Language Learning Difficulty Rankings for English Speakers: A Reference Guide
FSI language difficulty categories explained: Category I-IV hour estimates and why Spanish is easy, Russian is harder, and Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic are hardest.
Pronunciation Challenges: Sounds That Don't Exist in English, By Language
Compare pronunciation challenges in Russian, Spanish, Mandarin, Japanese, and Arabic for English speakers. IPA, minimal pairs, tones, pharyngeals, and practice priorities.
How Languages Express Time: A Comparison of Verb Tense Systems
Compare how English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic express tense and aspect. Morphological breakdowns, tense tables, and same-sentence comparisons.
Writing Systems of the World: Alphabets, Abjads, Syllabaries, and Logographies Compared
Compare the world's main writing systems: alphabets (Latin, Cyrillic, Greek), abjads (Arabic, Hebrew), syllabaries (hiragana, katakana), and logographies (hanzi, kanji).
Yoruba Colors and Adjectives: A Descriptive Vocabulary Reference
Yoruba colors funfun dudu pupa, the traditional three-color system, modern expanded color vocabulary, and descriptive adjectives for size, age, and quality.