Comparison of Grammatical Cases Across Languages
Compare grammatical case systems: Russian 6 cases, German 4, Latin 6, Arabic 3, Finnish 15. Full function tables, declension examples, and Japanese particle equivalents.
April 2026
Language Difficulty Rankings for English Speakers
FSI language difficulty categories explained: Category I-IV hour estimates and why Spanish is easy, Russian is harder, and Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic are hardest.
Pronunciation Challenges for English Speakers by Language
Compare pronunciation challenges in Russian, Spanish, Mandarin, Japanese, and Arabic for English speakers. IPA, minimal pairs, tones, pharyngeals, and practice priorities.
Comparing Verb Tense Systems Across Languages
Compare how English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic express tense and aspect. Morphological breakdowns, tense tables, and same-sentence comparisons.
Comparison of World Writing Systems and Alphabets
Compare the world's main writing systems: alphabets (Latin, Cyrillic, Greek), abjads (Arabic, Hebrew), syllabaries (hiragana, katakana), and logographies (hanzi, kanji).
Yoruba Colors: Vocabulary Reference for Descriptions
Yoruba colors funfun dudu pupa, the traditional three-color system, modern expanded color vocabulary, and descriptive adjectives for size, age, and quality.